Family/Spouse: Living BONDY. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Living VAN WAGONER
2. Living VAN WAGONER

Living married Living WIGARD. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Sidney married Luella SUGDEN on 21 Nov 1925 in Davison, Genesee County, Michigan. Luella (daughter of Lucius SUGDEN and Kathleen LAMBERSTON) was born on 03 May 1898 in Oakland County, Michigan; died on 21 Aug 1968 in Davison, Genesee County, Michigan. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Willard married Ruth Isabel MILLIE on 22 May 1926 in Flint, Michigan. Ruth (daughter of Sargeant Henry Thomas Beale MILLIE and Grace Edith MELMER) was born on 08 Jun 1908 in London, Middlesex, Ontario, Canada; died on 26 Jul 1989 in Davison, Genesee, Michigan, USA; was buried on 28 Jul 1989 in Davison, Genesee, Michigan, USA. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edwin married Edith COHOON on 20 Mar 1895 in Argentine, Genesee County, Michigan. Edith (daughter of John Charles COHOON and Erassa Nancy BOSTWICK) was born on 01 Feb 1876 in Argentine, Genesee County, Michigan; died on 19 Oct 1926 in Richfield Twp.,Genesee County, Michigan; was buried in Davison Cemetery, Davison, Genesee County, Michigan. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Lucius married Kathleen LAMBERSTON. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

NOTE 1./ 1910 Superior Ward 2, Douglas, Wisconsin census,

Name Home Birth Year Birthplace Relation
Oscar N Wigoard Superior Ward 2, Douglas, WI abt 1871 Minnesota Head
Elsie W Wigoard Superior Ward 2, Douglas, WI abt 1879 Canada English Wife
Vera I Wigoard Superior Ward 2, Douglas, WI abt 1898 Wisconsin Daughter
Herbert N Wigoard Superior Ward 2, Douglas, WI abt 1902 Wisconsin Son
Willard F Wigoard Superior Ward 2, Douglas, WI abt 1904 Wisconsin Son
Alexander Shell Superior Ward 2, Douglas, WI abt 1853 Canada English Father-in-law

Oscar married Elsie Winnifred SCHELL on 06 Feb 1894 in Douglas County, Wisconsin. Elsie (daughter of Alexander SCHELL and Elizabeth Amelia EMERSON) was born on 28 Oct 1878 in Stayner, Sunnidale Twp, Simcoe County, Ontario; died in Apr 1965 in Canada. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

NOTE 1./
David T:
May 18, 2002 letter
Mr. Robert. M
Ms. Melanie M

Dear Bob & Melanie:

I wrote recently about some Millie's I found in Scotland I thought might be precursors of Melanie's H.H. Millie. Melanie asked me to explain, and I thought it would be a good exercise to see if it hangs together. I think Bob's line may well be connected as well, so here goes:

We have these facts:
" Henry (aka "Harry") H. Millie (H.H. Millie) was born in Ireland Feb 8, 1863. His brothers were Charles Thomas Millie and Samuel Boucher Millie. We know this from the information I got last year from the National Archives. The three emigrated to Canada in the early 1880's.
" H.H. Millie's brother Samuel Boucher Millie joined the North-West Mounted Police force on September 1, 1899 and was discharged on March 25, 1904. The archive records refer to his next of kin, Miss Lily Hariot Millie of Ballymooney, Gashill, Kings. Co., Ireland. Another record identifies his next of kin as his sister, Margaret McDowell of Upper Edmonton, now a London suburb. Samuel joined the 179th Battalion in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in World War I. This relationship is confirmed in the Archives records, and per note received from Melanie apparently written by H.H.'s daughter Emma. Although reported to have died in Winnipeg during WWI, the archives records suggest he claimed a pension in British Columbia under the name William Thompson.
" H.H. Millie's Charles Millie was found in Battleford, Saskatchewan. It appears that he was a member of the Battleford Home Guard Volunteers in the rebellion of 1885. He was given a land grant for services but took $$ instead. By 1901, when Henry had settled in Carman Manitoba, Charles was working for a rancher in Alberta near Wetaskiwin. In the letter from H. H. Millie in Carman, Manitoba to the Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police it says that his brother Charles had died just previous to September 11, 1902. He died shortly after in Wetaskiwin. This relationship is confirmed in the Archives records, and per note received from Melanie apparently written by H.H.'s daughter Emma.
H. H. Millie also had 4 sisters per information from Melanie, as well as from the archives records of Samuel.
" Margaret Ellen Millie married a McDowell and was living in London, according to Samuel's next of kin record, at the time of WWI, at 16 Angel Road, Upper Edmonton, Enfield, England. A note from Melanie says she died December 5, 1921, aged 68, interred in Tottenham Cemetery. I found these records (LDS British Vital Records, 2nd Edition) which give the husband as Frederick, and two children, an unnamed boy and an unnamed girl, born in Dublin:
MCDOWELL, Birth
Gender: Male
Birth Date: 4 Sep 1875 Birthplace: No 3 South City, Dub, Ire
Recorded in: Dublin, Ireland
Collection: Civil Registration
Father: George Frederick MCDOWELL
Mother: Margaret Ellen MILLIE
Source: FHL Film 255935 Dates: 1875 - 1875
***********************
MCDOWELL, Birth
Gender: Female
Birth Date: 4 Dec 1873 Birthplace: No 3 South City, Dub, Ire
Recorded in: Dublin, Ireland
Collection: Civil Registration
Father: George Frederick MCDOWELL
Mother: Margaret Ellen MILLER
Source: FHL Film 255889 Dates: 1873 - 1875
I couldn't find them in England yet in the 1881 census.
" Lillian Hariot Millie - per note received from Melanie apparently written by H.H.'s daughter Emma, never married
" Henrietta Millie - per note received from Melanie apparently written by H.H.'s daughter Emma, never married; and
" Mary Millie, married Charles Castle.
The parents of H.H. Millie and the others were identified by Melanie as Henry Millie and Mary Dempster. The death certificate for H.H. lists his father as Henry Millie, and his mother as Mary. Note that the death certificate says that the father, Henry Millie was born in Scotland.
I found the following marriage record (in the LDS British Vital records CD's, 2nd edition) for Henry and Mary Dempster, which says Henry's father was Thomas and Mary's was Charles Dempster:
MILLIE, Henry Age: 30
Wife: Mary Jane DEMPSTER Age: 21
Marriage Date: 31 May 1851 Recorded in: St Thomas, Dublin, Ireland
Collection: Civil Registration
Husband's Father: Thomas MILLIE
Wife's Father: Charles DEMPSTER
Source: FHL Film 101326 Dates: 1851 - 1851
(I will call H.H.'s father Henry 1821, his approximate birth date, to minimize further confusion)
According to notes from Melanie, extracts from the Kings County Chronicle report that Henry Millie Died January 7, 1891, in his 71st year at Ballymooney, Geashill, (which was where H.H. was born per his death certificate, and per his obituary in 1917 in Kelowna, B.C.). Henry's wife Mary Jane died May 20, 1899, aged 68.

According to the letter dated January 1, 1920 from Aunt Margaret Ellen McDowell (H.H.'s sister) to her niece Emma Millie McGarrity (Melanie's grandmother), the Millie's settled in Scotland. Emma Millie McGarrity's grandfather's grandfather (ie: Henry Millie's grandfather) had 4 sons, John, Tom, Andrew and Robert. The letter says that all 4 went to Ireland. Tom Millie was Henry Millie's father according to this letter. This marriage record above is consistent with this information. I was previously unable to find a Millie family in Scotland, or anywhere else which included 4 sons named John, Tom, Andrew and Robert, let alone one which would fit the requisite time frame. With the new LDS British Vital Records collections however I found the following family in Fife with the right collection of sons. Better still, the unusual name of the mother make it virtually certain, for me anyway, that the son Thomas, born 1796, is went to Ireland, as presumably did the other sons as described in Ms. McDowell's letter. The following lists the 6 sons of Henry Millie (yes, yet another one) and Magdalene Rumgay (note the name):
1. MILLIE, John Bir 1791 Scot Fife Ceres
Fa: Henry Millie, Mo: Magdalene Rumgay
2. MILLIE, Andrew Chr 1793 Scot Fife Ceres
Fa: Henry Millie, Mo: Magdaline Rumgay
3. MILLIE, David Chr 1794 Scot Fife Ceres
Fa: Henry Millie, Mo: Magdaline Rumgay
4. MILLIE, Henry Chr 1794 Scot Fife Ceres
Fa: Henry Millie, Mo: Magdaline Rumgay
5. MILLIE, Thomas Chr 1796 Scot Fife Ceres
Fa: Henry Millie, Mo: Magdaline Rumgay
6. MILLIE, Robert Chr 1798 Scot Fife Ceres
Fa: Henry Millie, Mo: Magdalene Rumgay

I found the marriage of this Henry and Magdalene on the LDS FamilySearch website:
Marriage:
Magdalene RUMGAY; Sex: F; Spouse: Henry MILLIE; Marriage: Abt. 1790; Banderran, Ceres, Fife, Scotland; Film # 457767
I also found the following birth record of Magdalene-I presume it is her, how many can there be?:
Magdalan RUMGAY; Sex: F; Christening: 1 September 1765, Cameron, Fife; Parents: Andrew RUMGAY, Mary Mackie. Reference: Batch # C114122, 1695-1819, Call # 1040151, Printout # 6900431.

The real proof that Thomas of this family went to Ireland lies in the marriage record below:
LATIMER, William
Wife: Magdalene Rumgay MILLIE ; Marriage Date: 23 Oct 1847 Recorded in: St Peter, Dublin, Ireland
Collection: Civil Registration; Husband's Father: James LATIMER; Wife's Father: Thomas MILLIE
Source: FHL Film 101286 Dates: 1847 - 1847

Magdalene Rumgay Millie of Dublin Ireland, daughter of Thomas Millie, MUST be the granddaughter of Henry Millie and Magdalene Rumgay of Fife. There surely can't be another Thomas Millie, of the same generation, who would name his daughter Magdalene Rumgay. Since we know that Thomas, father of Henry 1821, and grandfather of H.H Millie was born in Scotland, and moved to Ireland, and had brothers named Andrew, John and Robert, and there are so few Millie's generally, let alone in Ireland, he must be the same person as the father of Magdalene Rumgay Millie of Dublin, and she is an aunt of H.H. Millie and his siblings. Also note that like Henry 1821, she was married in Dublin, and only 4 years before Henry 1821.
Next, who did Thomas marry? Who was Henry 1821's mother? Well, the LDS website has a marriage record for a Thomas Millie and Mary McWattie, 9 December 1818, Dundee, Angus, Scotland (batch # M112824, Source Call # 0993401, Printout call # 6902959). Is this the correct Thomas? Here we go back to the letter Margaret McDowell wrote in 1920 to her niece, Emma Millie. The transcribed copy Melanie sent says:
There was a slip of paper enclosed in this letter from Aunt Maggie McDowell and this is the info as follows: "PRIVATE and don't tell acquaintances, does no good. My father's Grandfather committed suicide from loss of an awful large sum in speculation and I believe he was a Millie, French, but I may be mistaken, he may have been McQuatty."
So yes, Thomas married Mary McWattie in Dundee. Margaret McDowell's father was Henry 1821, and his grandfathers would have been Henry Millie (married to Magdalene Rumgay) and Mary McWattie's father. This reference proves that this is the correct spouse for Thomas.

Again searching the LDS site, we find a record for the christening of Henry Millie, 10 October 1819, Dundee, Angus, Scotland; father-Thomas Millie, mother-Mary McWattie (batch # C112827, Source Call # 0993425, Printout call # 6900646)

So Melanie, I think we have you back to Scotland:
1. Henry Millie married Magdalene Rumgay in Fife Scotland in 1790.
2. Thomas, born 1796 in Ceres, Fife, Scotland, married Mary McWattie, 9 December 1818, Dundee, Angus, Scotland.
3. Henry Millie born 10 October 1819, Dundee, Angus, Scotland, married Mary Dempster 1851 in Dublin
4. Henry Herbert Millie (H.H. Millie) born February 1863 in Ireland, emigrated to Canada early 1880's, married Caroline Sarah Mills, abt. Feb. 1900 in Manitoba
5. Emma Lily Millie born abt March 6, 1901, married Joseph Patrick McGarrity, 1919
6. Lawrence Patrick Dempster McGarrity, born 1924, married Jean Anderson
7. Melanie McGarrity

I think this is pretty accurate based upon these published records. If you are energetic, you should order the microfilms from the LDS and copy the records yourself, ideally taking a print or the original registers. Not only will this document the facts, but the original registers may have additional information not picked up on the LDS indexes.

The next question is what happened to the other brothers of Thomas who went to Ireland, who were their children and grandchildren, and did Thomas have any other children besides Henry 1821 and Magdalene.

Bob's Henry Thomas Beale Millie (H.T.B.) was born September 14, 1862, in Kilkenny, Ireland, and emigrated to Canada around the time of H.H. and his brothers. H.T.B.'s parents were Robert Millie and Elizabeth Beale. (Although born in Ireland, I have always held out to Bob that he is Scottish in origin: Millie's all come from Scotland, and the south of England (perhaps French before that, but that is all beyond me), and H.T.B. was Presbyterian, basically a Scottish Protestant religion.) Was this Robert another son of Thomas, and a brother of Henry 1821 and Magdalene? Or was he a son of one of Thomas' brothers, Andrew, John or Robert, and a first cousin of Henry 1821 and Magdalene? I think given the scarcity of Millie's generally, and in Ireland in particular, these Irish Millie's of Scottish descent must be connected, and H.T.B. and H.H. were cousins, sharing common grandparents in either Thomas Millie and his wife ??, or in Henry Millie and Magdalene Rumgay. The common names, Henry, Henrietta, Robert and Thomas are all there (H.T.B also had a sister Henrietta). All were Presbyterian, indicating Scotch origin, and all came from the counties around Dublin.
If I were a betting man, that's where I would put my money.

Best regards
David

NOTE 2./ An Account of the Advance of the 7th Fusiliers of London by Alexander Campbell @ http://library.usask.ca/northwest/campbell/campbell.html

The 7th Fusiliers, a battalion of militia which was headquartered in London, Ontario. This unit was called into active service on April 1, 1885 and, within a week, had embarked on their journey west -- a journey made more arduous by the gaps in the railway above Lake Superior. After stops in Winnipeg and Swift Current, the 7th Fusiliers did not reach the area of the fighting until after General Middleton's forces had defeated the Métis at Batoche. The unit was one of many which served to protect the Northwest Field Force's lines of communication. The 7th Fusiliers left for their return journey to Ontario in mid-July without ever seeing combat.

NOTE 3./ This question is still UNRESOLVED: The Kilkenny reference as well as the Scott surname reference seems to indicate something more than a non relationship:

MILLIE, Jonathan Marriage
Wife: Annabella SCOTT
Marriage Date: 20 Mar 1856 Recorded in: Patricks, Kilkenny, Ireland
Collection: Civil Registration
Husband's Father: John MILLIE
Wife's Father: George SCOTT
Source: FHL Film 101377 Dates: 1856 - 1856

NOTE 4./ North West Canada Medal (Received by both HTB Millie and George W. Jacobs)

Terms
The medal was originally approved for presentation to soldiers taking part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1885, but only to those who served west of Port Arthur. Award of the medal was also approved for some of the volunteers who participated in key actions, including the crew of the steamer "Northcote" which was recognized for its services at the Battle of Batoche, and members of the Prince Albert Volunteers who fought at Duck Lake. A grant of 320 acres of land or scrip of $80 were also awarded to these recipients.

The North West Mounted Police (NWMP) were initially excluded from receiving the medal. Those serving in the NWMP during the Rebellion (prior to July 3, 1885) were made eligible in 1887, but were not awarded accompanying land or scrip. During the 1930's surviving NWMP veterans of the Rebellion received $300 grants in lieu of the land or scrip that originally had been denied to NWMP recipients.

Bars
Saskatchewan: Awarded to all those who took part in any or all of the main encounters during the rebellion. These took place along the Saskatchewan River at Fish Creek, Batoche, Cut Knife and Frenchman's Butte.
(Batoche): Medals have been found with an unofficial bar for the battle of Batoche.
Description
A circular, silver medal, 1.42 inches in diameter.
Obverse
A diademed and veiled effigy of the Queen Victoria, facing left, with the legend: VICTORIA REGINA ET IMPERATRIX. (Identical to the Egyptian Medal.)
Reverse
The legend: NORTH WEST / 1885 / CANADA appears in three lines within a wreath of maple leaves.
Mounting
A plain, straight, suspender is attached to the medal with a double-toe claw.
Ribbon
The slate grey (blue) ribbon is 1.25 inches wide, with crimson (0.25 inch wide) stripes, 0.125 inches from each edge.
Naming
The medal was issued to military recipients unnamed, but a considerable number were named locally. Those later awarded to the NWMP were engraved with the recipient's name prior to presentation.
Dates
The medal was authorized on 24 July 1885, for issue to military personnel on 18 September 1885. A Canadian Order-in-Council of December 13, 1996 recommended that the NWMP receive the medal. This recomendation was accepted by the British Government on February 16, 1887.
Issued
There were 5,650 medals issued (16 of them being British Officers), plus 1,753 Saskatchewan Bars. There were 920 medals authorized for issue to members of the NWMP.

NOTE 5./ 1891 East Middlesex, Ontario Canada census,
Name: Henry Millie
Gender: Male
Marital Status: Single
Age: 32
Birth Year: abt 1859
Birthplace: England
Relation to Head of House: Lodger
Religion: Free Church
French Canadian: No
Father's Birth Place: Ireland
Mother's Birth Place: Ireland
Province: Ontario
District Number: 90
District: Middlesex East
Subdistrict: London East
Archive Roll #: T-6352
.

NOTE 6./ 1901 Census District: ON MIDDLESEX (East) (#87) Subdistrict: London (City) Wards No. 3 and 4 D-5 Page 21

Family Name Sex Relationship M/S DOB Age
235 Millie Henery M Head M Sep 11 1857 43 Private
235 Millie Grace F Wife M Jun 3 1875 25
235 Millie Harry M Son S May 27 1893 7
235 Millie Ethel F Daughter S Oct 8 1894 6
235 Millie Hilda F Daughter S Jun 13 1899 2

NOTE 7./ 1911 Middlesex East, London Township, Bronghdale Village census

Name Home in 1911 (Province, District, Sub-District) Birth Birthplace Relation
Henry Millie Ontario, Middlesex East, London Township, Bronghdale Village 1858 Ireland Head
Grace Millie Ontario, Middlesex East, London Township, Bronghdale Village 1874 Ontario Wife
Henry W Millie Ontario, Middlesex East, London Township, Bronghdale Village 1891 Ontario Son
Ethel Millie Ontario, Middlesex East, London Township, Bronghdale Village 1894 Ontario Daughter
Hilda Millie Ontario, Middlesex East, London Township, Bronghdale Village 1898 Ontario Daughter
Louise Millie Ontario, Middlesex East, London Township, Bronghdale Village 1902 Ontario Daughter
Ruth Millie Ontario, Middlesex East, London Township, Bronghdale Village 1908 Ontario Daughter

NOTE 8./ HTB re-enlistment papers on 8-4-1917 show his dob to be 9-14-1862 indicating his age of 57 years 10 months according to the document. I believe this to be in error since if his what I believe to be his actual dob of 9-11-1857 was given, he would have been 62 years old and probably ineligible for military duty.

NOTE 9./ Commonwealth War Graves Commission: Casualty Details

Name: MILLIE
Initials: H T B
Nationality: Canadian
Rank: Sergeant
Regiment/Service: 7th Regiment
Age: 57
Date of Death: 11/06/1918
Service No: 2943
Additional information: Son of the late Robert and Isabel Millie; husband of Grace Edith Millie, of 20, Wharncliffe Rd., London, Ont.
Casualty Type: Commonwealth War Dead
Grave/Memorial Reference: Mil. plot. R.1. G.21.
Cemetery: LONDON (MOUNT PLEASANT) CEMETERY

NOTE 10./ Historical Perspective: The Year Was 1885
The year was 1885 and the flow of settlers to western Canada increased greatly with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

And in Canada's North-West Territories there were rumblings of a rebellion. In what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta, three groups had grievances with the Canadian government in Ottawa. The Metis, descendants of fur traders and indigenous peoples, were concerned about legal claim to their land; white settlers were waiting for official property titles necessary to secure loans and felt their interests weren't represented; and the starving First Nations peoples who had been promised farming equipment and aid were angry that treaties weren't being observed.

The rebellion, which would only last for two months, was led by Louis Riel, a Metis who had fought for the rights of Manitoba residents during the Red River uprising in 1869-70. He formed a provisional government and armed forces. These forces clashed with government troops at Duck Lake and although the Metis claimed this first victory, the rebellion was subdued by the end of May, and Louis Riel was arrested and hung for treason.

In the United States, anti-Chinese sentiment was on the rise following the California gold rush, which had brought more than 100,000 Chinese to American shores. In September of 1885, violence erupted. In a Union Pacific Coal Mine in Rock Springs, Wyoming, there was a dispute over who had the right to work in a particularly rich area of the mine. Paid by the ton, white workers rioted, burning the Chinese quarter of town, and killing twenty-eight Chinese miners. The perpetrators were never prosecuted and Army troops had to be called in to protect those Chinese who wished to return to their homes.

In Chicago, Sarah E. Goode, a former slave, became the first African American woman to be awarded a patent from the U.S. government for her design of a “cabinet bed.” Her invention could be used as a cabinet by day, but opened into a bed for sleeping.

In June of 1885 the U.S. received a package--actually two hundred and fourteen packages. In them was the Statue of Liberty, waiting to be assembled on Bedloe’s Island. The statue would be unveiled in late October of 1886.

Great strides were made in the field of medicine in 1885, when Louis Pasteur successfully treated Joseph Meister for rabies with his new vaccine.

Henry married Grace Edith MELMER on 04 Jul 1892 in London, Middlesex, Ontario, Canada. Grace (daughter of William MELMER and Louisa LAVINE) was born on 03 Jun 1874 in Ottawa, Carlton, Ontario, Canada; died on 27 Oct 1937 in Mt Morris, Michigan; was buried on 30 Oct 1937 in Mt Pleasant, Lot 594, Section Ta, London, Ontario, Canada. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

NOTE 1./ 1891 Hamilton City, Ontario census

Name: Grace E Melmer
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Age: 16
Birth Year: abt 1875
Birthplace: Ontario
Relation to Head of House: Daughter
Religion: Free Church
French Canadian: No
Father's Birth Place: Ontario
Mother's Birth Place: Ontario
Province: Ontario
District Number: 72
District: Hamilton City
Subdistrict: Ward 7
Archive Roll #: T-6342

Household Members: Name Age
William Melmer 50
Louisa Melmer 50
Alfred Henry 24
Alice Melmer 18
Grace E Melmer 16
George Melmer 5
John Melmer 12
Louisa Melmer 10

NOTE 2./ Historical Perspective: The Year Was 1873

The year was 1873 and much of the world was entering into a long period of economic depression. The beginning of the Long Depression is typically marked by the crash of the Vienna stock market, which sent ripples across Europe and eventually the United States with the fall of Jay Cooke & Company. The Cooke investment bank was heavily invested in the overbuilt railroad system which was beginning to fail. With the fall of this prominent company, a financial panic ensued and the New York Stock Exchange had to close for ten days. Railroads, factories, banks, and businesses had to close their doors resulting in skyrocketing unemployment rates. The Long Depression would last into the 1890s.

There were other smaller scale disasters in 1873. The British SS Atlantic out of Liverpool (with a stop at Queenstown) hit a submerged rock en route to New York and was wrecked in heavy seas off Nova Scotia. It is estimated that 545 of the 952 passengers perished.

In Baltimore, Maryland, a fire began in the factory of Joseph Thomas and Sons and spread over ten acres of the city. Photos of the fire and aftermath can be found online at the Maryland Historical Society.

A cholera epidemic swept through Birmingham, Alabama. Below is an interesting excerpt from a report from Mortimer H. Jordan, who was secretary of the Jefferson County Medical Society of Birmingham, Alabama, at the time of the epidemic (found on the website of the Reynolds Historical Library at the University of Alabama at Birmingham).

The treatment adopted was the opium and mercurial. When the stomach seemed so inactive that nothing made any impression upon it, an emetic of mustard, salt, ginger, and pepper, suspended in hot water, in many cases produced a warm glow over the surface of the body in a few moments. . . . Diuretics produced no good results. No condition in life, sex, or age escaped. The sucking babe and those of extreme age suffered alike from its ravages.

Before closing this paper, justice demands that we should briefly allude to the heroic and self sacrificing conduct, during this epidemic, of that unfortunate class who are known as 'women of the town.' These poor creatures, though outcasts from society, anathematized by the church, despised by women and maltreated by men, when the pestilence swept over the city, came forth from their homes to nurse the sick and close the eyes of the dead. It was passing strange that they would receive no pay, expected no thanks; they only went where their presence was needed, and never remained longer than they could do good. While we abhor the degradation of these unfortunates, their magnanimous behavior during these fearful days has drawn forth our sympathy and gratitude.

Further north and west, Jesse James and the James- Younger gang robbed a Rock Island train near Adair, Iowa. This first train robbery netted the gang more than $2,300, but was most likely a disappointment for the gang. They were expecting a $100,000 gold shipment, but that shipment had been switched to another train at the last moment.

North of the border in Canada, the Dominion Parliament had more lawful goals in mind when it established the North-West Mounted Police, the predecessor of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Canada was growing and in 1873 Prince Edward Island joined the federation as Canada's smallest province.

In music, the song Home on the Range was born (Daniel Kelly & Brewster M. Higley). The tune went on to become the state song of Kansas and is known around the world.

NOTE 2./ The Fourth National Census, 1901

The first census of the young nation of Canada was taken in 1871, four years after four colonies became Canada. Manitoba and British Columbia joined Canada in 1870 and 1871 and therefore missed being included in the census. By 1901, the year of the fourth census, there were seven provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia, and the Territories, a vast area that included what became Saskatchewan, Alberta, the Yukon, and Northwest Territories.

Government officials planning censuses increased the number of questions every time; for example, there were twelve columns to be completed on the form in 1891 and thirty-one in 1901. All the additional information is a benefit to genealogists, although I wish two columns from 1891 had been retained--the ones asking for the birthplaces of the individual's father and mother. Their absence is partially compensated for by the addition of questions about origin, nationality, and date of immigration. Also useful for genealogy is the addition of columns for date and place of birth, as well as another for the exact date of birth. The 1901 census also seeks information about the work or employment of each person and how much they earned.

Beginning with the name of each person enumerated, this is the list of columns:

Name of each person in household 31 March 1901
Sex
Colour
Relationship to head of household
Single, married, widowed, or divorced
Month and date of birth
Year of birth
Age at last birthday
Country or place of birth (If Canada, include province and add "r" or "u" for rural or urban.)
Year of immigration
Year of naturalization
Racial or tribal origin
Racial or tribal origin
Nationality
Religion
Profession, occupation, or trade
Living on own means
Employer, Employee, or Working on Own Account
Working at a trade in factory or in home
Months employed at trade in factory
Months employed at trade in home
Months employed in other occupation than trade in factory or home
Earnings from occupation or trade
Months at school in the year
Can read
Can write
Can speak English
Can speak French
Mother tongue
Infirmities

It is of significant interest to read the point on the 1901 form about using "r" and "u" to indicate whether the Canadian birthplace was rural or urban.